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Saturday, December 29, 2012
Trying to halt hepatitis C's molecular hijacking
Dec. 27, 2012 ? Researchers at the University of Colorado School of Medicine have figured out intimate details of how the hepatitis C virus takes over an invaded cell, a breakthrough that could point to way for new treatments for the virus.
Hep C hijacks the machinery by which a cell makes proteins and uses it instead to create proteins for the virus. Over the last two decades, researchers have figured out that Hep C uses an RNA molecule to do this. Now they're trying to fill in the details.
One key detail is reported in a paper published online Dec. 23 in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. It's written by Jeffrey Kieft, PhD, an associate professor at the CU medical school's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and an Early Career Scientist of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and his former graduate student, Megan Filbin, PhD, a graduate of the Program in Molecular Biology.
Working with researchers from the lab of Tamir Gonen at the Janelia Farm Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kieft used ultra high-power electron microscopes to take images of individual RNA molecules from Hep C as they interacted with the cell's machinery. The researchers combined those images with a variety of other experiments and these clues led them to identify a new way that the virus' RNAs takes over the cell's machinery.
Specifically, the researchers focused on how a ribosome, the cell's protein-making factory, can be manipulated by the Hep C RNA to affect a part of the protein process called translocation. And they saw something else -- that even very small changes in the interactions important for that hijacking process can be blocked.
"This points the way to developing drugs to fight hepatitis C in ways that current therapies do not," Kieft says.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Colorado Denver, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Megan E Filbin, Breanna S Vollmar, Dan Shi, Tamir Gonen, Jeffrey S Kieft. HCV IRES manipulates the ribosome to promote the switch from translation initiation to elongation. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2465
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/ZPq9p_aDspw/121227173336.htm
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Bumper Pack Of Goal Setting/ Self Improvement Plr ? Video ...
Bumper Pack Of Goal Setting/ Self Improvement Plr
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Northeast Cobb Homes For Sale - Northeast Cobb, GA Patch
This week House Hunt presents eight homes for sale and listed at exactly the same price: $189,900. What can you buy for $189,900? Ranch homes, two-story homes, homes in great school districts, a swim/tennis community, private, fenced backyards, hardwoods, tile floors, 3-5 bedroom homes and upgrades galore! One home has two bedroom suites; another home has the master bedroom on the main with a sunroom overlooking a beautiful private in-ground pool. And this is the short list.
Click on a picture in the photo gallery to see a listing description. Click on an address listed below and get directly linked to AOL Real Estate for complete listing information. In addition to helpful home buying tips, maps and contact information for the listings you choose, you will also be to calculate a monthly mortgage payment, check your credit and get prequalified.?
3161 Oak Crest Traill, Marietta ?30062. $189,900. 4 Bedrooms ?3 Bathrooms ?3,392 Sq Ft. ? 0.41 Acre Lot.? John Wieland at his best! All spaces oversized including 3 walk-in-closets, fabulous fenced yard, 4 yr old roof, well maintained gormet kitchen ? a dream home for your family. Brokered By Re/Max Greater Atlanta-Cobb.
1653 Windcrest Drive Sw, Marietta ?30064. $189,900. 3 Bedrooms 3 Bathrooms. Beautiful total renovation. Tiled kitchen with new stainless appliances and countertops. Decor colors and plush newer Frieze carpet. New plumbing and lighting fixtures. Real hardwood floors. Large fenced backyard with patio/deck combo. Sought after schools. New high efficiency heating and A/C units. New exterior paint. Brokered By Keller Williams Realty Signature Partners.
3306 Timbersedge Drive, Marietta ?30064. $189,900. 3 Bedrooms ?2 Bathrooms. ?Easy living and "step free". Wonderful open floor plan w/family room open to dining room and kitchen allows for easy entertaining of family and friends. Smooth vaulted ceilings. Spacious master bedroom w/walk in closet, master bathroom w/large vanity & double sinks, linen closet. Bright sun porch or office. Cherry cabinets and upgraded kitchen counter tops. Tile floors in bathrooms and kitchen, 2 car garage w/extra storage. Great amenities. If you enjoy meeting people, there are many different scheduled activities in the clubhouse. Walk to shopping and restaurants. Brokered By Prudential Georgia Realty.
3119 Haverford Lane, Marietta ?30067. $189,900. Price Reduced. 4 Bedrooms ?2 Bathrooms. ?Next to Terrell Mill Park - 2.5 miles to I-75. Pristine 4-Sided Brick East Cobb Home. Finished terrace level with bedroom, full bath and family room with charming gas log free standing stove with its own thermostat & bookshelves. Refinished hardwood floors upstairs & under living room carpet - lovely kitchen: stainless oven & gas cooktop; Corian, custom cherry island-storage room or workshop. Swim/tennis, clubhouse: membership optional,? newer roof, fresh paint, new carpet, updated lighting,? security system, ?wonderful level backyard for play & gardening. Front Bermuda lawn with irrigation system. refrigerator, washer & dryer included. Brokered By Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage.
1500 Brandon Drive Sw, Marietta? 30008. $189,900. 3 Bedrooms ?2 Bathrooms. ?Fabulous, updated ranch with a large yard for your next gathering. You will love to call this home, modern details in this ranch, no need for upgrades - move right in! Hardwood floors, expanded master bath with views to the backyard and an open floorplan so you can see everything from the kitchen. Enjoy the close proximity to the park as well. This home has a newer roof, water heater and furnace - all purchased in 2006. See this ready to move in ranch today! Brokered By Harry Norman Realtors.
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2853 Davis Road NE, Marietta, ?30062. $189,900. 3 Bedrooms ?2 Bathrooms ?Whether sitting out on the covered front porch or lounging by the private pool, this charming ranch offers the comforts of a cottage with the convenience and top schools of East Cobb. Renovated and updated, the light and bright kitchen opens to the dining/living room complete with a fireplace and 9 foot ceilings. The main level master suite has a beautiful sunroom with a view of the pool. Two additional bedrooms upstairs with a full bath. Plenty of storage. Brokered By Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage.
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Introducing phon.es - our new URL shortener for Android Central and Mobile Nations!
We've talked a bit in the past about URL shorteners and how they can save space -- or wreak havoc. It's really all about trust, right? We've used third-party shorteners like bit.ly before, and since then we've been using Google's own shortener, goo.gl. Now we've got our own.
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Starvation didn't wipe out saber-toothed cats
Saber-toothed cats apparently did not go extinct for lack of prey, contradicting a popular explanation for why they died off, fossil evidence now suggests.
Even near their extinction, saber-toothed cats likely had enough to eat, researchers noted.
Saber-toothed cats, American lions, woolly mammoths and other giant creatures once roamed across the American landscape. However, at the end of the late Pleistocene about 12,000 years ago, these "megafauna" went extinct, a die-off called the Quaternary extinction.
"The popular theory for the megafaunal extinction is that either the changing climate at the end of the last ice age or human activity, or some combination of the two, killed off most of the large mammals," said researcher Larisa DeSantis, a vertebrate paleontologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville.
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"In the case of the great cats, we expect that it would have been increasingly difficult for them to find prey, especially if had to compete with humans. We know that when food becomes scarce, carnivores like the great cats tend to consume more of the carcasses they kill. If they spent more time chomping on bones, it should cause detectable changes in the wear patterns on their teeth."
Tale of the teeth
To learn more about saber-toothed diets, the researchers analyzed the fossil teeth of 15 saber-toothed cats (Smilodon fatalis) and 15 American lions (Panthera atrox) recovered from the La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. These specimens ranged from about 11,500 to 35,000 years in age.
To study the fossils, the scientists used dental microwear texture analysis, developed by anthropologist Peter Ungar at the University of Arkansas. This involves using generating three-dimensional images of a tooth's surface. The image is then analyzed for microscopic grooves ? devouring red meat produces small parallel scratches, while biting on bones lead to larger, deeper pits.
The investigation found the pattern of wear on the teeth of the saber-toothed cat most closely resembled those of present-day African lions, which sometimes crush bone when they eat. The wear pattern on American lion teeth, on the other hand, echoed that of the present-day cheetah, which deliberately avoids bones when it feeds. [ Photos: A Lion's Life ]
Analysis of both older fossils and more recent ones did not reveal any evidence that patterns of wear changed over time, and none had extreme microwear like living hyenas, which consume entire carcasses, bones included. This suggests that prey for these carnivores was not scarce ? the animals were not gnawing their victims to the bone.
"Tooth wear patterns suggest that these cats were not desperately consuming entire carcasses, as was expected, and instead seemed to be living the 'good life' during the late Pleistocene, at least up until the very end," DeSantis said.
Big predator extinction
Past research of teeth from American lions, saber-tooth cats, dire wolves and coyotes from La Brea revealed they experienced three times the number of broken teeth of contemporary predators, hinting that these species were having trouble finding prey and were thus urgently devouring or "processing" whole carcasses. This led scientists to suspect that climate change and human competition were making life tough for the big predators.
Instead, DeSantis and her colleagues argue this high rate of damage seen in teeth more likely resulted during capture of prey instead of feeding on carcasses.
"We expected extinct carnivores to show evidence for extreme bone processing, based on the high number of broken teeth determined from prior research. Finding the complete opposite pattern was shocking!" DeSantis said.
The researchers noted that saber-toothed cats were about the size of today's African lion, while the American lion was about 25 percent larger. They fed on giants such as mammoths and four-ton giant ground sloths. The fact these ancient carnivores and their prey were bigger than contemporary predators and their victims could help explain why the extinct cats had more broken teeth than their living brethren, the investigators said. . [ Gallery: Today's Threatened Mammals ]
Specifically, larger teeth break more easily than smaller teeth, so larger carnivores may be likely to break more teeth when attempting to take down larger prey. The researchers noted past studies that found the canines of a predator the size of fox can support more than seven times the fox's weight before breaking, while a carnivore the size of lion can only support about four times its weight and the curved teeth of saber-toothed cats could only support about twice the animal's weight.
"The net result of our study is to raise questions about the reigning hypothesis that 'tough times' during the late Pleistocene contributed to the gradual extinction of large carnivores," DeSantis said. "While we can not determine the exact cause of their demise, it is unlikely that the extinction of these cats was a result of gradually declining prey."
Currently, the scientists are examining other carnivores at the La Brea tar pits, "including the extinct giant short-faced bear and the extant mountain lion that is found both during the Pleistocene at La Brea and in southern California and elsewhere today," DeSantis told LiveScience.
"Essentially, we are trying to clarify the biology and diets of these carnivores during the past to further evaluate why the short-faced bear went extinct and, potentially, why the mountain lion did not."
DeSantis and Ungar, with their colleagues Blaine Schubert and Jessica Scott, detailed their findings online Dec. 26 in the journal PLOS ONE.
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? 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.
Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/50313487/ns/technology_and_science-science/
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Friday, December 28, 2012
Dragonfly Shows Human-Like Power of Concentration
Dragonflies lack humans' big brains, but they still get the job done, according to new research that suggests that these insects have brain cells capable of feats previously seen only in primates.
Specifically, the dragonflies can screen out useless visual information to focus on a target, a process called selective attention. The new study, published Dec. 20 in the journal Current Biology, is the first to find brain cells devoted to selective attention in an invertebrate animal.
Selective attention is crucial for responding to one stimulus among the dozens of distractions that clamor for notice at any given time, said Steven Wiederman of the University of Adelaide in Australia.
"Imagine a tennis player having to pick out a small ball from the crowd when it's traveling at almost 200 kilometers an hour," Wiederman said in a statement. "You need selective attention in order to hit that ball back into play."
But little is known about how the brain locks onto its targets and ignores all else. To find out, Wiederman, who is from the university's Center for Neuroscience Research, and his colleague David O'Carroll turned to an unlikely animal. The researchers have long studied insect vision, and the dragonfly turns out to be quite adept in that arena. [Photos: Dew-Covered Dragonflies & Other Sparkling Insects]
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"The dragonfly hunts for other insects, and these might be part of a swarm ? they're all tiny moving objects," Wiederman said. "Once the dragonfly has selected a target, its neuron activity filters out all other potential prey. The dragonfly then swoops in on its prey ? they get it right 97 percent of the time."
Using a glass probe with a tip 1,500 times smaller than a human hair, the researchers measured the neuronal activity that enables such amazing aerial hunting. A similar process is at work in the primate brain, O'Carroll said in a statement, but researchers weren't expecting to see the same thing in an insect that evolved 325 million years ago.
"We believe our work will appeal to neuroscientists and engineers alike," O'Carroll said. "For example, it could be used as a model system for robotic vision. Because the insect brain is simple and accessible, future work may allow us to fully understand the underlying network of neurons and copy it into intelligent robots."
Plenty of other insects have inspired robot designs. Swiss scientists, for example, have built a hovering drone that mimics insects in its ability to survive collisions with hard objects. Sometimes insects are recruited directly. North Carolina State University researchers reported in September that they'd managed to create cyborg Madagascar hissing cockroaches. The scientists wired a microcontroller to the insects' sensory organs, enabling them to steer the cockroaches' movements.
Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas?or LiveScience @livescience. We're also on Facebook?& Google+.
Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.Source: http://news.yahoo.com/dragonfly-shows-human-power-concentration-000311471.html
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